: If enabled, the drive may not appear as a standard AHCI/NVMe device to some OS installers (like Windows) until specific RAID drivers are loaded.

cat /sys/kernel/debug/iommu/amd/domain_stats

sudo modprobe vfio-pci sudo echo "0000:01:00.0" > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:01:00.0/driver/unbind sudo echo "vfio-pci" > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:01:00.0/driver_override

ls -l /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:02:00.0/iommu_group/devices/

While the concept is universal, the implementation of PCIe device remapping varies by architecture. The two dominant implementations are Intel's VT-d (Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O) and AMD's AMD-Vi (AMD Virtualization for I/O).

Add-VMAssignableDevice -VMName "GamingVM" -LocationPath "PCIROOT(0)#PCI(1C00)#PCI(0000)"

PCIe switches often allow peer-to-peer traffic between downstream ports without going through the IOMMU. This breaks isolation. For true remapping and passthrough, the PCIe topology must support to force all traffic up to the root complex where the IOMMU resides. Without ACS, devices behind a switch can see each other’s memory—a major security flaw.

modprobe vfio-pci vendor_device_id=$(lspci -n -s 02:00.0 | awk 'print $3') echo "vfio-pci" > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:02:00.0/driver_override echo 0000:02:00.0 > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:02:00.0/driver/unbind echo 0000:02:00.0 > /sys/bus/pci/drivers_probe