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This is the "expanding circle" problem, identified by historian Lynn Hunt. Moral progress consists of widening the circle of who counts as “us.” Women, slaves, and children of different races were once property. Today, the circle is expanding to include higher-order mammals. But where does it stop? If a chimpanzee has rights, does a rat? If a rat, does a lobster (which feels pain but has no neocortex)?
The dialogue between animal welfare and animal rights is not just a debate for activists; it is a reflection of our growing understanding of animal consciousness and biology. Whether we aim for better cages or no cages at all, the central theme remains the same: a push for a more compassionate and ethical world. This is the "expanding circle" problem, identified by