A logic gate is a physical electronic component that implements a Boolean function. It takes binary inputs (0s and 1s, representing low and high voltage) and produces a single binary output.

| Level | Example | |----------------------|--------------------------------------| | Application (Python) | print("Hello") | | OS / Libraries | write() syscall | | Compiler / Interpreter| Python → bytecode → C → ASM | | Machine Code | B8 01 00 00 00 (mov eax,1) | | Processor microarch | Pipeline, cache, branch predictor | | Logic gates | AND/OR/NOR latches | | Transistors | CMOS silicon | | Electrons | Voltage differences (0V = 0, +5V = 1) |

The processor operates to the rhythm of a (a square wave oscillator). Each tick triggers a step in the eternal loop: