(475–221 BC). It is primarily recognized as China’s first comprehensive treatise on
: Project Gutenberg offers the text for free download in various formats . guiguzi english pdf
), diplomatic maneuvering, and the use of "openness and closeness" ( ) to influence others. Philosophical Roots : While often associated with the School of Diplomacy ( Zonghengjia ), it incorporates elements of Taoism, Legalism, and Confucianism ResearchGate Structure and Key Contents (475–221 BC)
Report generated: based on current online resource mapping (2026). it incorporates elements of Taoism
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